Efecto de Candida norvegensis sobre la degradabilidad ruminal de rastrojo de maíz y el crecimiento de corderos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29059/cienciauat.v14i2.1267Palabras clave:
levaduras, degradabilidad ruminal, corderos, probióticoResumen
Los probióticos favorecen el desarrollo de microorganismos benéficos en el rumen, lo que incrementa la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y mejora el desempeño productivo de los rumiantes; con esto, se tiene la posibilidad de utilizar ingredientes como el rastrojo de maíz de relativo bajo valor nutritivo, pero altamente disponible en algunos lugares a bajo precio. Convencionalmente, se utilizan como probióticos las levaduras Saccharomyces, aunque existen reportes sobre el uso de cepas autóctonas, como Candida norvegensis. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del probiótico de Candida norvegensis en la degradabilidad ruminal in situ de rastrojo de maíz y en el comportamiento productivo de ovinos en crecimiento. La levadura Candida norvegensis (cepa Levazoot 15) [0 g (T1) y 5 g (T2)] se usó para determinar la degradación ruminal in situ (DRMS), del rastrojo de maíz, en 3 vacas canuladas ruminalmente por medio de la técnica de la bolsa de poliéster. No hubo efecto de la levadura (P > 0.05) para la fracción (a), (b) y (a+b); pero la degradabilidad efectiva al 1 %/h y 5 %/h de recambio ruminal fue mayor para T2 (P < 0.05). En un segundo experimento, 32 corderos se asignaron al azar a corrales individuales por 105 d para evaluar 4 dietas que difirieron en la proporción de concentrado/forraje: T1 = 75:25, T2 = 75:25, T3 = 50:50, y T4 = 25:75. A excepción de T1, las dietas fueron suplementadas con Candida norvegensis, a razón de 15 mL/kg de peso vivo, equivalente a 5 g/d de levadura en base seca. Los ovinos en la dieta con 75 % de concentrado más la levadura (T2) presentaron mayor ganancia de peso, y mejor conversión alimenticia (P < 0.05). Se concluye que Candida norvegensis mostró efectos benéficos en la degradabilidad ruminal y en el desarrollo de corderos.
Citas
Abdel-Aziz, N. A., Salem, A. Z., El-Adawy, M. M., Camacho, L. M., Kholif, A. E., Elghandour, M. M., and Borhami, B. E. (2015). Biological treatments as a mean to improve feed utilization in agricultura animals, an overview. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 14(3): 534-543.
Ando, S., Nishiguchi, Y., Hayasaka, K., Iefuji, H., and Takahashi, J. (2006). Effects of Candida utilis treatment on the nutrient value of rice bran and the effect of Candida utilis on the degradation of forages in vitro. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 19(6): 806-810.
AOAC, Association Official Analytical Chemists (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. (18a ed.) Maryland, E. U. A.: AOAC International. 486 Pp.
Bernard, J. K. (2015). Milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with a probiotic extract. The Professional Animal Scientist. 31(4): 354-358.
Bhatt, R. S., Sahoo, A., Karim, S. A., and Gadekar, Y. P. (2018). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rumen bypass-fat supplementation on growth, nutrient utilisation, rumen fermentation and carcass traits of lambs. Animal Production Science. 58(3): 530-538.
Castillo-Castillo, Y., Ruiz-Barrera, O., Burrola-Barraza, M. E., Marrero-Rodriguez, Y., Salinas-Chavira, J., Angulo-Montoya, C., and Camarillo, J. (2016). Isolation and characterization of yeasts from fermented apple bagasse as additives for ruminant feeding. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 47(4): 889-895.
Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Ameilbonne, A., Bichat, A., Mosoni, P., Ossa, F., and Forano, E. (2015). Live yeasts enhance fibre degradation in the cow rumen through an increase in plant substrate colonisation by fibrolytic bacteria and fungi. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 120(3): 560-570.
Dittmann, M. T., Hummel, J., Hammer, S., Arif, A., Hebel, C., Muller, D. W. H., and Clauss, M. (2015). Digesta kinetics in gazelles in comparison to other ruminants: Evidence for taxon-specific rumen fluid throughput to adjust digesta washing to the natural diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 185(1): 58-68.
Gadekar, Y. P., Shinde, A. K., Sahoo, A., and Karim, S. A. (2015). Effect of probiotic supplementation on carcass traits and meat quality of Malpura lambs. The Indian Journal of Small Ruminants. 21(3): 306-310.
Haddad, S. G. and Goussous, S. N. (2005). Effect of yeast culture supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 118(3-4): 343-348.
INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2016). Sistema para la Consulta del Anuario Estadístico del Estado de Chihuahua. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/chih/territorio/clima.aspx?tema=me&e=08. Fecha de consulta: 16 de abril de 2016.
Ishaq, S. L., Kim, C. J., Reis, D., and Wright, A. D. G. (2015). Fibrolytic bacteria isolated from the rumen of North American moose (Alces alces) and their use as a probiotic in neonatal lambs. Plos One. 10(12): 1-25.
Issakowicz, J., Bueno, M. S., Sampaio, A. C. K., and Duarte, K. M. R. (2013). Effect of concentrate level and live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on Texel lamb performance and carcass characteristics. Livestock Science. 155(1): 44-52.
Jia, P., Cui, K., Ma, T., Wan, F., Wang, W., Yang, D., ..., and Diao, Q. (2018). Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomycescerevisiae as alternatives to monensin on growth performance, antioxidant, immunity, ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity of fattening lambs. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 16712.
Julien, C., Marden, J. P., Auclair, E., Moncoulon, R., Cauquil, L., Peyraud, J. L., and Bayourthe, C. (2015). Interaction between live yeast and dietary rumen degradable protein level: effects on diet utilization in early-lactating dairy cows. Agricultural Science. 6(1): 1-13.
Kannan, S., Hernandez, L., Herrera, A., Jimenez, B., Miller, M., Perales, P., and Subburaj, P. (2014). Genesis of antibiotic resistance (AR) III: triflingrisk of AR pathogens induced infectious diseases from regulated concentrated animal feeding operations. The FASEB Journal. 28(1): 986-997.
Kowalik, B., Skomial, J., Miltko, R., and Majewska, M. (2016). The effect of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in the diet of rams on the digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen and mineral retention, and blood serum biochemical parameters. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 40(5): 534-539.
Krehbiel, C. R., Rust, S. R., Zhang, G., and Gilliland, S. E. (2003). Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: performance response and mode of action. Journal of Animal Science. 81(14 supl. 2): 120-132.
Leibtag, E. (2008). Corn prices near record high, but what about food costs, in Amber Waves. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2008/february/corn-prices-nearrecord-high-but-what-about-food-costs/. Fecha de consulta: 16 de septiembre de 2018.
Mahyuddin, P. and Winugroho, M. (2010). Effect of combination of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae + Candida utilis) and herbs supplementation in finishing diet on carcass characteristics of beef cattle. Journal Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture. 35(4): 251-256.
Marrero, Y., Castillo, Y., Ruiz, O., Burrola, E., and Angulo, C. (2014). Feeding of yeast (Candida spp) improves in vitro ruminal fermentation of fibrous substrates. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 14(3): 514-519.
McDonald, I. (1981). A revised model for estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. Journal of Agricultural Scienece. 96(1): 251-252.
Mokhber-Dezfouli, M. R., Tajik, P., Bolourchi, M., and Mahmoudzadeh, H. (2007). Effects of probiotics supplementation in daily milk intake of newborn calves on body weight gain, body height, diarrhea occurrence and health condition. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10(18): 3136-3140.
Noziére, P. Y. and Michaelt-Doreau, B. (2000). In sacco methods. Farm animal metabolism and nutrition (tenth edition.). USA: CABI Publishing. 438 Pp.
NRC, National Research Council (2001). Nutrientrequeriments of domestic animals. National Academic Press. Washington, DC: Seventh edition. 363 Pp.
Obeidat, B. S. (2017). The effects of feeding olive cake and Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of Awassi lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 231: 131-137.
Obeidat, B. S., Mahmoud, K. Z., Obeidat, M. D., Ata, M., Kridli, R. T., Haddad, S. G., ..., and Hatamleh, S. M. (2018). The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on intake, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fluid pH in Awassi female lambs. Veterinary World. 11(7): 1015-1020.
Ørskov, E. R. and Mcdonald, I. (1979). Estimation of protein degradability in the rumen form incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science. 92(2): 499-503.
Promkot, C., Wanapat, M., and Mansathit, J. (2013). Effects of yeast fermented-cassava chipprotein (YEFECAP) on dietary intake and milk production of Holstein crossbred heifers and cowsduring pre-and post-partum period. Livestock Science. 154(1-3): 112-116.
Puniya, A. K., Singh, R., and Kamra, D. N. (2015). Rumen microbiology: From evolution to revolution (primera edición). USA: Springer. 379 Pp.
Qadis, A. Q., Goya, S., Ikuta, K., Yatsu, M., Kimura, A., Nakanishi, S., and Sato, S. (2014). Effects of a bacteria-based probiotic on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and bacterial flora of Holstein calves. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 76(6): 877-885.
Ruiz, O., Castillo, Y., Arzola, C., Burrola, E., Salinas, J., Corral, A., ..., and Itza, M. (2016). Effects of Candida norvegensis live cells on in vitro oat straw rumen fermentation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 29(2): 211-218.
Salinas-Chavira, J., Almaguer, L. J., Aguilera-Aceves, C. E., Zinn, R. A., Mellado, M., and Ruiz-Barrera, O. (2013). Effect of substitution of sorghum stover with sugarcane top silage on ruminal dry matter degradability of diets and growth performance of feedlot hair lambs. Small Ruminat Research. 112(1): 73-77.
SAS, Statistitical Analysis System (2007). User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.6th Edition. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
Seo, J. K., Kim, S. W., Kim, M. H., Upadhaya, S. D., Kam, D. K., and Ha, J. K. (2010). Direct-fed microbials for ruminant animals. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 23(12): 1657-1667.
Shankhpal, S., Parnerkar, S., and Bhanderi, B. M. (2016). The effect of feeding bypass fat and yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplemented total mixed ration on feed intake, digestibility, growth performance and feed conversion efficiency in weaner Surti kids. Livestock Research International. 4(1): 11-17.
Tamburello, L., Bulleri, F., Balata, D., and Benedetti-Cecchi, L. (2014). The role of overgrazing and anthropogenic disturbance in shaping spatial patterns of distribution of an invasive seaweed. Journal of Applied Ecology. 51(2): 406-414.
Tristant, D. and Moran, C. A. (2015). The efficacy of feeding a live probiotic yeast, Yea-Sacc®, on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition. 3(12): 90-95.
Zeoula, L. M., Do-Prado, O. P. P., Geron, L. J. V., Beleze, J. R. F., Aguiar, S. C., and Maeda, E. M. (2014). Total digestibility and in situ degradability of bulky diets with the inclusion of ionophores or probiotics for cattle and buffaloes. Semina: Ciências Agrárias. 35(4): 2063-2076.
